Consider a system where the gun and shooter have a combined mass m g and the bullet has a mass m b. This is due to Newton's third law of motion (For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction). The force is proportional to the square of the barrel diameter while sealing needs are proportional to the perimeter by the same pressure.Īccording to Newtonian mechanics, if the gun and shooter are at rest initially, the force on the bullet will be equal to that on the gun-shooter. High barrel diameter is also helpful because lower barrel friction is induced by sealing compared to the accelerating force. Large firearms (such as cannons) achieve smaller barrel-heating loss because they have better volume-to-surface ratio. However, the efficiency gain is less than corresponding to the volume ratio, because the expansion is not truly adiabatic and burnt gas becomes cold faster because of exchange of heat with the barrel. Higher efficiency can be achieved in longer barrel firearms because they have better volume ratio. Which is comparable with a typical piston engine. However, for illustration, here is the energy balance of a typical small firearm for. The energy conversion efficiency of a firearm strongly depends on its construction, especially on its caliber and barrel length. Firearm energy efficiency įrom a thermodynamic point of view, a firearm is a special type of piston engine, or in general heat engine where the bullet has a function of a piston. This is due to conservation of momentum, which dictates that the momentum imparted to the bullet is equal and opposite to that imparted to the gun-shooter system. The momentum delivered to the target, however, cannot be any more than that (due to recoil) on the shooter. ( March 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)įrom the viewpoint of physics ( dynamics, to be exact), a firearm, as for most weapons, is a system for delivering maximum destructive energy to the target with minimum delivery of energy on the shooter. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any primary research articles cited.
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